Environment Portal

Until the end of the 20th Century, most scientists thought they understood the nature of our climate system. As the very foundation of their science, geologists cherished the “uniformitarian principle” that held that the fundamental forces that molded the Earth’s features and climate were gradual, natural, stable processes that did not vary over time scales less than tens of thousands of years.

This idea became central to their training through a century of debate over natural catastrophes such as the biblical account of Noah’s flood. The concept of catastrophic climate change became ‘tainted by association’ with creationist zealots seeking scientific backing for fundamentalist interpretations of Bible passages. And so, such stories came to be considered as purely supernatural events, with no place within the objectivity of science.

Any evidence to the contrary…and there was, in retrospect, plenty of it… was at first readily dismissed. Sudden climate change in the Earth’s past was blurred by imperfect data and lack of refinement in early scientific methods. Where abrupt changes in the geological record were indisputable, these were written off as regional curiosities, arising from purely local impacts – such as a forest fire or the introduction of agriculture – impacts that had nothing to do with climate.

Until dating methods were perfected, chronological correlation of data collected at different locations around the globe was not possible, and even when it was possible, was not at first even pursued. Global changes in climate had different effects in different areas, further complicating the issue and obscuring the true scope of abrupt, world-wide climate shifts.

In fact, the uniformitarian climate paradigm was scarcely doubted until the 1950′s when a group of scientists set up a physical ocean system model that demonstrated that circulation could flip rapidly from one stable state to another. Scientists began to concede that change may only take thousands of years.

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

 *Shanmukha Rao. Padala  **Dr. N. V.S. Suryanarayana

 INTRODUCTION:

            Strategic management involves three levels of analysis viz., the organisation’s macro environment/general environment, the industry in which the organization operates, and the organization itself. Every company operates within a complex network of external environmental forces both international and national.

            All external forces which have an impact on the functioning of an organization is referred as Macro Environment. According to Barry M. Richnam and Melvyn Copen, “Environment factors or constraints are largely, if not totally, external and beyond the control of individual industrial enterprises and their managements. These are essentialthe ‘givers within which firms and their managements must operate in a specific country and they vary, often greatly, from country to country.”

            The macro environment is not simply the forces operating outside the organization. The forces create opportunities for the business organizations for their existence and development and pose threats or challenges affecting the business adversely. The environment includes factors outside the firm ‘which can lead to opportunities for or threats to the firm.’

A host of external and often largely uncontrollable factors influence a firm’s choice of direction and action and, ultimately, its organizational structure and internal processes. These factors which constitute the external environment can be divided into two interrelated subcategories – those in the remote environment and those in the more immediate operating environment. This is also known as task or competitive environment.

REMOTE ENVIRONMENT:

            The remote environment is composed of a set of forces that originate beyond and usually irrespective of any single firm’s operating situation that is political, economic, social, technological and industry factors. It presents opportunities, threats, and constraints for the firm, while the organisation rarely exerts any meaningful reciprocal influence. Thus, organisation environment interaction has a number of implications.

Global warming which threatens all mankind and the Earth, appears as a chain of processes that stimulate one another by getting into cause and effect contact with global crisis. At the same time, both crises are closely connected with global political crisis – global crisis of democracy as well as crises of field of fundamental human rights and freedoms, world order and political systems. We think that the struggle against each of them separately will not be enough without reviewing these three crises together and attempting their parallel solution simultaneously.

Considering of role of changes taken place in human factor and mind in both global warming and global economic development is very important in solution of these problems and prevention of re-occurrence of this type of crises. We consider it important to study the specific connection between global warming and human factor which is the most important factor of global democratic crisis and both crises in a scientific way.

It is possible to explain global warming either with increasing of radiation of the Earth by the Sun or with changes occurring in turning of this radiation into different energies. According to the well-known scientist Shapley, the Sun can not change to a considerable extent within 20 milliard years. If we consider that the global warming takes place in the last century, then it wouldn’t be correct to explain it with changes taking place in the Sun. In that case, we need to search for the reasons of global warming in radiation of the Earth, factors which influence the transformation of the Sun beam on the Earth and effect of human activity on the same factors.

Jamaican culture is very diverse, simply because it has been inhabited by several different groups of people throughout the course of time, it is an independent nation and a wonderfully diverse island paradise making it a perfect travel vacation Jamaica. However one need not feel that they will be completely cut off from the rest of the world while spending their vacations in Jamaica. This is one region which has a very good Business news network and environment news service for the aid of people. Despite some recent economic problems, Jamaica is a prime target for international business, investment, and tourism. Jamaica is a region which has a well-versed connection of local news networks which make sure that even the smallest detail about Jamaica local news, business news, industry news and environmental news is made available to the viewers instantly. There are a number of mediums available when it comes to Jamaica news networks. Apart from covering the local news, their news network also bring about a host of information on a number of topics, such as local and international sports, business, classifieds and advertisements. The news media refers to the section of the mass media that focuses on presenting current news to the public. Generally speaking, the role of online business news is really very important in today’s fast life where no one has enough time to sit in front of Television to know what’s going around him.

1. Introduction

A system is a group of parts that interact through one or more processes (Odum 1983). The term ecosystem was introduced and defined by Tansley (1935), who as “a fundamental organizational unit of the natural world that includes both organisms and their spatial environment.” Ecosystems have since been defined in various ways, and at different spatial and temporal scales (Golley 1993; O’Neill et al. 1986; Evans 1956). Some ecologists define ecosystems on the basis of biotic organisms, populations, or communities. For example, Hutchinson (1978) considered the ecosystem to be the environmental context in which population or community dynamics occur. Others define ecosystems in terms of their abiotic characteristics and processes (Rowe and Barnes 1994). For example, Lindeman (1942) defined ecosystems as “…the system composed of physical, chemical, and biological processes active within a space/time unit.” Regardless of whether the emphasis is on biotic components or abiotic characteristics and processes of ecosystems, both remain integral to the concept of ecosystem. Rowe (1961) emphasized this when he defined ecosystems as “…a three dimensional segment of the earth where life forms and the environment interact.”

Wetland ecosystems have been defined in a variety of ways by researchers, resource managers, and regulatory authorities, depending on their specific needs and objectives (Mitsch and Gosselink 1993). In the applied world of regulation, planning, and management, wetlands are usually defined in terms of their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics such as hydrologic regime, soil type, and plant species composition. For example, in classifying wetlands for mapping, inventory, and other purposes, Cowardin et al. (1979) defined wetlands as “…lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water…” that are characterized by the presence of hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and surface water during the growing season.